What is Pteridophytes - Javatpoint
Hundreds of million years before, the whole landscape was covered with non-flowering plants that looked like ferns. These terrestrial vascular plants hold a transitional position between bryophytes and spermatophytes. In botany, scientist Carolus Linnaeus classified them as pteridophytes under the group crypto game.
Pteridophytes have more than 12000 species on earth with their ancestor's characteristics. This word came from the Greek word Pteron (which means feather, phyton, and plants). Most plants of the plant kingdom reproduce through seeds, but pteridophytes reproduce through spores.
Basic examples of Pteridophyta are:-
These are categorized into four main classes by Oswald and Tippo in 1942.
a) Psilopsida
b) Lycopsida
c) Sphenopsida
d) Pteropsida
Some important characteristics of pteridophytes
1. Pteridophytes plants have a history of the first plant to be evolved on land:
According to the theories, it is assumed that life has begun under the oceans, and after the evolution of thousands of years, life started on dry land. The very first plant that lived on earth were pteridophytes.
2. Owner of multiple properties (cryptogams, seedless and vascular):
Pteridophytes plants consist of vascular tissue (but lack phloem cells and xylem vessels). These plants are seedless but reproduce through spores.
3. Pteridophytes plant have proper body structure:
Such plants have proper body structures like stems, leaves, and roots.
4. Reproduction through spores instead of seeds:
The sporangium is found on the tip of leaves that have two types of spores, and reproduction takes place when the spores are taken away by the wind.
Homosporous = One type of spore is produced.
Heterosporous = Two kinds of spores are produced.
5. Sporangia production termed as sporophylls:
Sporangia is present on leaves coined as sporophylls. Pteridophytes plant leaves have curls inwards to protect the vulnerable growing parts.
6. Multicellular sex organs:
Consist of both sex organs:- male organs called antheridia and female organs called archegonia.
7. True alteration of generation:
Two types of generation are observed in pteridophytes:-
Sporophyte generation (diploid generation)
Gametophyte generation (haploid generation)
The life span of pteridophytes is slightly different from the mosses and seed plants as they show alternation of generations (saprophyte and gametophyte generation). The alteration in life span is known as metagenesis( diploid generation alteration with haploid generation).
Diploid generation - It's the Saprophyte that produces the spores.
Haploid generation - It's the Gametophyte that produces the gametes.
They both Saprophyte and Gametophyte perceive independence and free living.
Pteridophytes are the prominent and oldest plant species of the plant kingdom. These are still found in gardens and used as an ornament for decoration due to their bright green foliage.
For different purposes, species are used. For example:-
Selaginella for soil conservation and marsilea is a rich source of starch consumed by tribal.
Lycopodium clavatum - Used in treating skin ailments and used as a diuretic. Dryopteris - Utilized in making anthelminthic drugs and treating tapeworm infections.
After the bryophytes, Pteridophytes are the "snakes" of the plant kingdom as they were the first plant on the earth that crawled all over the earth (reproduce). Their different species are found on the earth; therefore, they are called "botanical snakes".
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